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See also: Mushrooms 1 - Mushrooms 2 - Mushroom Frivolities - Mushroom Growing
Mushroom Trivia - Mushroom Tips - Mushroom Quotes - and Facts & Trivia about specific varieties
FOOD FOR THOUGHT - October 13, 2004
Mark R. Vogel - Epicure1@optonline.net - Archive of other articles by Mark Vogel
The Fungus Among Us
If you were a leprechaun what would use for an umbrella? I’ll bet you never pondered that one huh? Well, according to the medieval Irish, leprechauns used mushrooms to protect them from the rain. Actually, mushrooms are dreadfully unsuited to such a purpose. Mushrooms are like little sponges. Prolonged exposure to moisture would render them water logged and hence, quite ineffective umbrellas. That’s OK; they have so many other uses.
Mushrooms are a fungus first cultivated by the Greeks and Romans. There are thousands of varieties. Contemporary mass scale production began in France in the 17th century and in the US in the 19th century. Pennsylvania remains the largest producer with California a close second. The most common cultivated mushroom in the US is the white button mushroom found in every supermarket and available year round. Cremini mushrooms are also cultivated. They are similar in shape and size to the button mushrooms but noticeably browner. Portobello mushrooms are creminis that have grown up.
There are many varieties of exotic mushrooms that offer a range of interesting flavors. These include shitake, porcini, chanterelle, oyster, and the coveted morel, which is in season in the spring. Some of these can be found in dried forms. Dried porcinis and morels can be rehydrated by soaking in warm water for 30 minutes. Dried shitakes will take hours unless soaked in boiling water. After soaking, squeeze out the excess liquid. Strain the soaking liquid to remove the grit and save it for incorporation into your dish or a sauce.
Unless you’re with a mycologist, (a mushroom expert), never forage for wild mushrooms. There are very poisonous varieties of mushrooms that look similar to their edible cousins. The dangerous ones contain highly concentrated toxins that attack the internal organs and produce death from liver and kidney failure. The infamous Death Cap mushroom is found in this country and is the most lethal.
Choose mushrooms with tight caps, little discoloration, and no damp or wilted parts. If dried, avoid packages containing bits and pieces. Dried whole mushrooms are usually of better quality.
Debate exists about whether to wash mushrooms because of their aforementioned propensity to absorb water. Many suggest wiping them with a damp cloth or with a special mushroom brush. However, as long as you don’t soak them in water and you dry them after washing, you can rely on your faucet. But don’t wash them until you’re ready to use them. Store them in the fridge up to three days in contact with circulating air. No vacuum sealed plastic bags please. Mushrooms do not need to be peeled. Trim the stem end except for shitakes, whose stems are woody and inedible and must be removed entirely. Mushrooms contain selenium, potassium, copper, and B-complex vitamins, and are purported to have anti-cancer properties. Nowadays however, everything either causes cancer or fights cancer.
Mushrooms can be cooked in innumerable ways although the dry heat methods are best. They are loaded with water and techniques that release it will intensify the mushroom’s flavor. Sautéing is my personal favorite. Mushrooms add an earthy flavor to food. I like mushroom dishes with burgundy, an earthy-flavor friendly wine.
MUSHROOM STOCK
Use this stock as a base for mushroom soup or a mushroom sauce. For the latter, deglaze the pan with some of the stock after sautéing the protein. Then add sautéed mushrooms and either reduce the fluid or add flour to make a gravy.
1 lb sliced mushrooms.
1 onion, roughly chopped
2 garlic cloves
2-3 cloves
1 bay leaf
2-3 sprigs of thyme
Salt and pepper to taste
Sauté the mushrooms in butter or olive oil until just browned, or lay them out on a large sheet tray and bake at 375 until browned. Add the mushrooms, onion, garlic, cloves, bay leaf, and thyme to a stockpot. Add just enough water to cover the mushrooms and simmer for two hours. Check it periodically to see if you need to add water. Add as little as necessary. Strain the stock, simmer for another 10-15 minutes to reduce and concentrate it further and then season with salt and pepper.
DUXELLES
Duxelles is a mixture of finely chopped mushrooms, shallots and herbs cooked in butter. It is used to flavor soups and sauces, as a garnish, and a stuffing. Take a thinly pounded pork chop, veal or chicken cutlet, or even a flank steak. Spoon the precooked duxelles down the center. Roll the meat and then sauté or roast it.
8 oz. finely chopped mushrooms
1 shallot, finely chopped
Butter as needed
Parsley, chopped to taste
Salt and pepper to taste
Sauté the mushrooms and shallot in butter until the mushrooms are browned. Season with the parsley, salt and pepper.
SAUTEED PORTOBELLO CAPS WITH GRILLED ARTICHOKES
2 baby artichokes
2 small Portobello mushroom caps, stems and gills removed
Olive oil, as needed
Salt and pepper to taste
Cut the top quarter off the artichokes and remove all of the outer leaves. Peel the stem and cut it, leaving about an inch or so. Coat them with olive oil and then add salt and pepper. Grill them making quarter turns to sear each side. Sauté the mushroom caps in olive oil. Season with salt and pepper. Place one artichoke on each of the three caps and drizzle with your favorite vinaigrette.
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